. Many people regard the Locarno system as a pretty dull thing, but it is not unimportant -- and may be increasingly useful if MARQUES' proposals are adopted. Since it's not yet available on the MARQUES website the IPKat reproduces the Position Paper here, in relevant part and with the addition of some useful links:
"The MARQUES Designs Team has prepared this position paper in response to the proposals put forward to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Special Union for the International Classification for Industrial Designs (Locarno Classification) by representatives of a number of contracting parties.
It is not MARQUES’s intention to comment in detail on the various proposals put forward by the contracting parties, but rather to attempt to identify areas of interest to intellectual property owners for whom the system was developed, and whose industrial design application fees fund the system and its administration. That said, MARQUES agrees with the Ad Hoc Working Group that the Locarno Classification needs to be developed further in order to meet current needs. MARQUES therefore supports the establishment of a pilot group to work on the development of a search system for designs based on visual search features.
Background
...
The Locarno Classification provides for a taxonomic system for the classification of products – a filing schema, begun in 1968, that, through a system of 32 classes and 223 subclasses, seeks to ensure that the growing number of registered design filings are orderly. The aim of the Locarno Classification is to facilitate searches for designs.
The Locarno Classification does not purport to impact on the scope of protection of design registrations – it is solely an administrative tool. Within the European Union, Registered Community Design (RCD) law (governed by Council Regulation 6/2002/EC) and harmonised national law on registered designs in all 27 European Union member states (governed by Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998) state that the indication of a Locarno Classification does not effect the scope of protection of the design “as such”.
However, by way of illustrative example, in considering invalidity of an RCD, the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (OHIM) will assess the overall impression created on the “informed user” of the design shown in the RCD – this is taken to be the informed user of the item specified in the application. Hence the Locarno Classification, which is used to classify the product specified, could, at least within the European Union, have an impact on the scope of protection of RCDs.
Difficulties with the Locarno Classification
MARQUES is indebted to the non-papers of the contracting parties for setting out some of the current difficulties with the Locarno Classification.
Within the European Union, and in many other countries, design law relates to the protection of the appearance of a product or part of a product (“what it looks like”). Designs do not protect functionality (“what it does”). At present, the Locarno Classification relates more to what a product does, rather than what it looks like.
Under harmonised European Union design law, a registered design protects against use of the design in relation to any product. By way of example, there is already OHIM case law relating to designs used on toy cars as opposed to real cars (Supermarked A/S v Ferrari SPA, ICD 842, 13 November 2006), as well as a decision of the Court of Appeal of England & Wales relating to a design that can function as both a laundry aid, and a massage device (Green Lane Products Ltd v PMS International Group Plc & Ors [2008] EWCA 358). In these instances, a search of a classification system based on purpose or function would not have identified the allegedly invalidating design, because it came from a different field of endeavour: in the flipside of the test for infringement, validity is also determined against designs in any field (except obscure designs), not just designs in the same field as the design the validity of which is questioned.
This apparent mismatch creates a number of difficulties for practitioners. Primarily, an innovator seeking to launch a new product has no way quickly and inexpensively of ascertaining whether its innovation infringes the registered design rights of a third party. Whilst reasonably accurate searches can be conducted in a small number of Locarno classes or subclasses, in truth, a design which is allegedly infringed may be lurking in any number of unsearched classes or subclasses. As commercial search agencies charge per class or subclass, the additional costs of searching more widely mean that, in practice, MARQUES members report that they are not searching prior to filing for registered design protection, or prior to launch. This increases both costs and the level of nervousness of innovators, leading to a dampening effect on innovation.
High costs also have to be incurred by parties seeking to invalidate the registered design rights of third parties. This issue is exacerbated by the fact that OHIM and several national intellectual property offices in the European Union do not examine design applications for novelty and by the low cost of registered design protection in the European Union (an RCD application, covering a population of over 450 million people, falls to only Euro80 for the 11th design filed in a single application). It is up to users of the system (including MARQUES members) to police the registers, and bear the attendant costs of invalidating invalid design registrations.
Further, the issue is exacerbated by the acceptance under harmonised European Union law of logos and other signs as capable of being protected by registered design protection. Logos are currently classified in Locarno Class 99 (Class 32 from 1 January 2009). Without some further form of classification (such as the Vienna Classification used by OHIM in relation to Class 99), it is not possible to locate similar logos. Again, in practice, many MARQUES members report that they are choosing not to search registered designs when launching new word or word and device marks, even though a prior registered design could be used to invalidate the later trade mark, to seize products at the customs border and/or to obtain injunctions to prevent launch of the new product.
... several classes have become crowded (and could benefit from further subclasses) and that other subclasses have fallen into disuse, and could potentially be removed. MARQUES understands that the addition or omission of subclasses is something of a subsidiary issue, which, although requiring proper consideration, does not resolve the other issues identified with respect to the Locarno Classification system as a whole.
MARQUES therefore supports the submissions to the Working Group that further development of the Locarno Classification is required in order to enhance the assistance it provides to users of the design registration system and the establishment of a pilot group to work on the development of a search system for designs based on visual search features.
Hallmarks of a good classification system
Rather than comment in detail on the various proposals put forward by contracting parties to the Locarno Union, we set out below some of the hallmarks of a good classification system, and the practical impacts on MARQUES members who are users of the system.
... a classification system should be clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective. We elucidate on these requirements below.
1. The classification system must be easy to use. Many applications for registered designs are filed by individuals, without the assistance of professional help. All applicants, whether professionals or not, should be able to make a ready assessment of how their design application should be classified. Classification of designs, whilst more of an art than a science, should not require extensive training. A system which is easy to use will also be more readily adopted in countries with fewer resources.
2. The classification system should be readily searchable. The primary (we would submit only) object of the Locarno Classification is to enable searching of designs. (Although some intellectual property offices use the classification to assist them in collecting fees, this is not an object of the classification – rather it is a side-effect). In addition, therefore, to enabling applicants for registered design protection to assess which Locarno class their design falls within, it should also be comparatively simple, even for irregular users of the system, to undertake searches using the system (a drop down menu of search features is one sensible suggestion). This is additionally necessary in countries that examine designs for novelty, where examiners will be searching the system, and applicants will have to respond to examiners’ searches. Commercial search facilities will no doubt continue to develop, but they must be at a reasonable cost to users.
3. The classification system should reflect the nature of the units being classified. As noted above, registered designs protect the appearance of a product. Therefore, it is MARQUES’s submission that the Locarno Classification should be based on the appearance of designs, rather than their function (which is not an aspect of design protection). The appearance of a design should be obvious from the image in the application. The function, or purpose, of the design is not necessarily obvious, and requires interpretation, leading to different classifications by different individuals for the same or similar designs. To the extent possible, subjectivity in classification should be removed or minimised. Therefore, to the extent that a number of contracting parties suggest that additional subclasses based on perceived purpose for a design (see for example, the Czech suggestion of classifying “seats” by “facet of a person”, “facet of a purpose” and “facet of an action”), we submit that such a classification system is not clear, precise or objective. In MARQUES’s submission, a search system based on or supplemented by visual search features would be one of the better ways of using existing technology to reflect the needs of industry.
4. The classification system should command wide respect. Increasing internationalisation of business means that many more innovators are applying for design registration in more countries then their country of origin. Thus, they interact with a number of design registration systems. The welcome increase in contracting parties to the Hague Convention on the International Registration of Industrial Designs and Models, including especially the adherence to the Geneva Act of the European Union to enable international filings of RCDs and the proposed adherence of the United States of America, means that internationalisation of design filings will continue to increase. In this context, it is important that members of the Locarno Union adopt the changes to the classification system, and that non-members are encouraged to adopt the changes, and to join the Union (especially those who are members of the Hague Union, but not the Locarno Union). Currently, many members of the Union also employ their additional classification definitions as a gloss on the current Locarno Classification – several submissions demonstrated the different classifications applied to the same design by different contracting parties. One response to this, as suggested by ECTA, the European Communities Trade Mark Association, would be to provide for the acceptance by the intellectual property offices in all other members of the Union of the classification provided by the “home” intellectual property office. As noted by Japan: “there will be no point in adopting the same classification symbols if its definition varies in each country”.
5. The classification system should be readily available. MARQUES supports the proposal of the United States of America that future versions of the Locarno Classification be published electronically.
6. The classification system should be durable. This is best achieved by ensuring that amendments can readily be made to the system to ensure it keeps pace with technological and creative developments. New classes of products will emerge, and old classes of products will fall into disuse. This is currently obvious from the overcrowding of some classes, and the apparent abandonment of others.
Conclusion
MARQUES appreciates that it may not be possible, at this time, to obtain agreement to proposed amendments to the Locarno Classification that meet all of the above criteria. However, we felt it would be helpful to set out those aspects of classification that are most important to the users of the system – intellectual property owners and their representatives.
MARQUES therefore supports efforts further to develop the Locarno Classification within the Locarno Union, including the pilot group. It is to be hoped that the pilot project can develop and test one or more proposals for visual recognition searches to test for cost effectiveness and viability ...".
Says the IPKat, this is a terrific and really constructive piece of work, which certainly helps to crystallise the issues. The Locarno System must be directly and immediately relevant to the business and commercial sectors that create and use designs: it is not an esoteric Glass Bead Game that can best be understood by those who have penetrated its arcane depths and who read dictionaries for breakfast. Merpel says, but isn't there some wishful thinking here? "... the Locarno Classification should be based on the appearance of designs, rather than their function (which is not an aspect of design protection). The appearance of a design should be obvious from the image in the application". This is a great aspiration, but not every design object has a single and clearly definable appearance.
If you have any comments on this Position Paper, please post them below and/or send them to
Miracles do happen, it seems. Despite several hurdles and a legislative calendar that was drowning in debt-related issues, the long-awaited US patent reform legislation passed the Senate vote on Monday. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) was passed unamended by the US Senate with a 89-9 vote (see previous AmeriKat and IPKat posts here). Once signed into law by President Obama, the bill will introduce several changes to the US patent system including harmonizing its first-to-invent system to a first-to-file system and ending fee diversion. AIA has been criticized by many as being overly burdensome to small independent inventors, will increase the number of provisional applications being made to the USPTO and would allow the Appropriations Committee to unduly control the fees generated by the USPTO. USPTO Director David Kappos heralded the passage of the bill, claiming that it will "...drive down the backlog of patent applications, and expedite the issuance of high quality patents - all without adding a dime to the deficit." Director Kappos proceeded to then walk on water.... Joking aside, the AmeriKat is excited about this new act and will be back on Sunday to report on the fall-out and commentary surrounding its passage. 
The Rolls Building is nearing its opening day. For those IP litigators, like this Kat, the new £300 million Rolls Building will soon become a home-away-from-home as the Patents Court moves from the resplendent Royal Courts of Justice to its new home. You needn't spend long in the RCJ chambers and filing offices to hear comments about the new building - a mixture of views mostly punctuated by comments of how small the court rooms are, how some are being dragged across to Fetter Lane kicking and screaming and how no one will know where anything is [cue wandering judges and barristers looking for their lost court rooms, Merpel remarks cattily]. Then there is the elevator problem - only 3 public lifts (i.e. fitting only one clerk with the first set of disclosure bundles for your standard Chancery case - promises of e-filing be damned). The AmeriKat is more worried that, as with many new buildings, the air conditioning system will be out of control and set on a level that only pacing barristers can endure. There are rumors floating around about who will be the first IP case to grace the Rolls Building, but no concrete word until the doors first open this fall. The IPKat says that whoever gets there first should give the rest of us tips about managing the new building - flaws, free wi-fi, and all!
8+3 =11 big problems for HathiTurst, a partnership of research libraries and universities, including the University of Michigan . On Monday, the 11 strong contingent of authors' groups and individual authors including the Authors Guild filed a copyright infringement suit in the Southern District of New York against the libraries and universities claiming that their initiative to digitize millions of books without authorization constituted copyright infringement and posting the books online. The claim also objects to the partnership self-designating works as "orphan works" and thus self-permitting the digitization and use of those works. So far 9.5 million books and journals have already been digitized with around 30% of those works being in the public domain. The twist in the story is that the executive director of the partnership, John Wilkin, stated that the digitized works were provided by Google. IPKat readers will remember that last March, Judge Denny Chin rejected the proposed settlement in the Google Books litigation (more here) in a similar dispute. A hearing is schedule for tomorrow in the Google Books case. 
On Tuesday, IPR2, better known as the EU-China Project for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, between the European Commission, EPO, OHIM and the Ambassador of the People's Republic of China to the EU formally came to a close. The closing ceremony of IPR2 comes at the end of a four-year 16 million Euro joint project. Under IPR2 European and Chinese officials, judges, legislators, experts and academics implemented technical assistance and training activities across China. The parties have agreed to continue their cooperation [what else would you expect?, says Merpel] Would you like to see the what 4 years and 16 million Euros can get you? Well you can't, at least not yet... But while the database is being built, there is a collection of a hodge-podge of documents from the project here.
Many of the IPKat's beloved readers will be in or journeying to Baveno, Italy for this year's annual MARQUES conference (Kat Jeremy is currently stalking the Italian venue.) Today's MARQUES conference agenda, for those Kats and readers who are not so lucky to travel to Italy this week, is premised on "Reality Checks" - reality check on costs, reality check on trends and reality checks on function. The last check is a topic being discussed after lunch entitled "Reality Function" and is promoted as an "update on legal analysis on the trade mark function." For those attendees whose brain activity does not decrescendo following a hearty pasta and foccacia lunch, please let the Kat know what panel suggest is "the trade mark function" in European trade mark law. 
